Butler wants to do justice to someone; that someone is David Reimer. David’s story begins with XY chromosomes, is punctuated by multiple attempts by others to redefine his identity, a reclamation of agency and subjectivity, and ends with his suicide. Born into a male body, part of his penis was burned off by a botched prophylactic circumcision. Horrified by the outcome, the parents and doctors decided to remove the testes and rest of the penis but did not invert the genitals into a vagina. David became Brenda through hormones, socialization, psychotherapy and interrogation. Relentlessly confronted and interrogated about his/her identity, David expressed a dysphoria of gendered identity. His/her body, his/her toy preferences, what he/she wore as clothing was read and controlled by multiple forms of discourse because he/she was found unintelligible. David/Brenda’s gender was ambiguous and needed to be made intelligible to be understood. Without intelligibility he/she would never be “normal” and society and other people would reject him/her.
Intelligibility is complicated: It is the intersection of discourse—the nebulous, omnipresent interaction of knowledge—with normativity—the nebulous, omnipresent power that seeks to understand and control. Understanding necessitates intelligibility and the ability to be read. Something becomes “normal” through understanding and understanding is gained through discourse—all of these things are devices of power that are ultimately used to control and regulate. This regulation becomes the link between a text, as a body, and a person as a body; it is through David’s treatment that it becomes clear that textual or Human bodies are treated by discourse in similar ways. Both textual and physical bodies are treated as vessels for interpretation. The David Reimer that Butler discusses, as a person and a body, became a subject of discourse and is controlled and regulated in ways that are explicit, tangible and violent. And through this system of regulation, he becomes an author, in Foucault’s slippery definition—he becomes a source of discourse. Butler builds onto Foucault to show the power that David, as an author, holds; she asserts his voice to broadcast his worth through discourse and reclaim an identity that is left at the peripherals of intelligibility.
Foucault asks “What is an Author?” but never entirely or satisfactorily answers the question. This is done with a purpose: to Foucault, the author is amorphous; “The function of an author is to characterize the existence, circulation, and operation of certain discourses within society” (1481). The author, as a person, is secondary to the author as a function. The author, as person and subject, informs the greater discourse but is only one facet in the greater conversation that the discourse encapsulates. Discourse constantly refers back to the author as a source of knowledge; but Discourse is a mode of production and is always producing more knowledge beyond the author as well. Discourse is constantly contracting and expanding its knowledge; an author serves as a “means of classification” (1481) for this pulsating, nebulous discourse-knowledge formation. The author as a classification serves several purposes, it “can group together a number of texts and thus differentiate them from others” but it also “establishes different forms of relationships among texts” (1481). So an author’s role in the discourse that they encapsulate is complicated, opaque and seemingly without end; the author’s role is never abandoned and their ability to inform is paramount.
David Reimer is an author through this definition: there’s a discourse that surrounds David, a discourse that he sometimes participated in but often did not. He/She was “Addressed time and time again by those who make use of every utterance that [David/]Brenda makes about [his/]her experience as evidence for or against a true gender” (Butler 70). Utterance becomes textual evidence through this process of discussion and gender-identity-formation that David engaged in. David was guided through a system of discourse by his utterances to become intelligible and understood. Discourse relies upon utterance to build understanding and to control identity. David’s experience represents the apparatuses involved in discourse, the myriad “psychologists, psychiatrists, legal and medical professionals” who were employed to “negotiate what may well feel like the unrecognizability of one’s gender…and one’s personhood” (58). Butler addresses that there is a connection and relation between “intelligibility and the human” (58). Through David, this system of discourse demonstrates its attempt to bring disparities of gendered identity and acceptability back into the known binary of male/female.
Butler focuses heavily on the word “Justice” and its connections to the word “intelligible” in her essay to show that what is done to bodies to make them intelligible is not always doing them justice. Butler interrogates “What social norms must be honored and expressed for ‘personhood’ to become allocated” to make a point that people are not born as fully-realized people; there is a permanent state of becoming (58). There is a process of perception and “how we do or do not recognize a certain norm manifested in and by the body” informs the treatment of that body (58). The body itself is a signifying chain and is something to be read. The connection between text and body is made explicit through the necessity of texts and bodies’ intelligibility; they need to be understood. Bodies which are not understood within a norm are made to be understood.
The system of discourse is an apparatus of control: David’s subjection to this control is not intended to be violent; the discursive process only wants to make him human. While “[David/]Brenda was hardly happy, refused to adapt to many so-called girl behaviors, and was appalled by [one of his/her doctor’s] invasive and constant interrogations”, her development was reported (dubiously) as a success (61). The notion of success is an added complication if being human is the ability to be understood. David’s experience suggests that he understood that whatever was being imposed upon him was not what he understood himself to be. The process of gender-formation was a failure since his doctors, believed that David was not yet an intelligibly identified male or female. But this also illustrates the failure of a binary to represent what David believed himself to be. While Brenda “started living as a boy, named David, at age fourteen”, Butler says that his newly constructed phallus “enters David only ambivalently into the norm (60). Because a phallus is not a penis, it is a fleshy construction that fails to function as a penis “normally” should. In the same way, David as a “man” fails to function as a man should—but Butler is cautious to illustrate that this failure is not to be portrayed negatively.
Butler points to moments when David asserts his value, as a person, regardless of what gendered signifiers are attributed to his body and behavior to illustrate his ability to exist on the edges of what is intelligible. Butler stresses that a failure of a binary is not a failure of identity when she concludes, “he has already established that what will justify his worth will be the invocation of an ‘I’ which is not reducible to the compatibility of his anatomy with the norm” (72). His invocation of an ‘I’ establishes that he is intelligible to himself, and therefore intelligible to someone. He is someone who may not fully understand himself but he understands that he is a person who cannot be read solely by the signifiers that his body provide. He uses this confidence in his individual worth to combat the discourse that has controlled how others read his body. He may identify as male but he refuses to be read as a successful or unsuccessful male-bodied person; he is who he says he is. David’s voice was coerced into saying things that fit into a system of signification that may not have best represented how he felt or identified. But he was never actually asked who he was; instead he was always asked who he wanted to be.
Butler sticks to the “He/Him” pronoun throughout “Doing Justice to Someone” because that is David’s chosen gender identity—but this is shown to be especially complex. Butler doesn’t step back to discuss pronouns because it’s assumed that her readership already understands how intricate those interactions of gender, pronoun and identity are. Pronouns structure a major facet of intelligibility in the world of discourse and identity, if a pronoun does not fit to how a body is read by the outside world, it interrupts the signifying chain. “Them” is a gender neutral pronoun that may have more usefully shown a plurality of being and nuance of gender within David. But Butler uses “he” because David chooses “he”. And the interruption to the signifying chain that David causes with his identification as “he” is a key point to Butler’s essay because it complicates the reading of “David”. David is exerting agency and an expression of who he is through the use of “he”. He is also acknowledging that he is “holding out for something called ‘depth’ over and against the ‘shallowness’ of the doctors” and a society who claims that he’ll be ridiculed by others for his abnormal phallus (71-72). He cannot—he will not—be told who he is because of what is between his legs.
Through his identification of “I” and through his expression that he is an individual with self-worth, David reinserts himself as an author and an authority to be referred back to. Butler analyzes and uses David’s utterances to demonstrate that he is not only an object of discourse but is also an agent within discourse. He regains a sense of authority over how he is treated by others and is given the agency to reject the discourse at large that tries to tell him that he isn’t a fully-realized human being until he is perfectly gendered.
However, the author remains a problematic construction, it is still something nebulous. Butler offers an empowering and compassionate understanding of who David is. David’s insistence that he is an individual is validating and that validation is expounded upon by Butler. But Foucault complicates theauthor as a device when he says that “these aspects of an individual, which we designate as an author (or which comprise an individual as an author), are projections, in terms always more or less psychological, of our way of handling texts” (1483). Utterances are only flashes and phantoms of an individual and any author’s textual body is only a “complex operation whose purpose is to construct the rational entity we call an author” (1483). Through the need to make intelligible, readers appropriate and disregard aspects of the text which are deemed necessary and unnecessary to make their reading of an author understandable or purposeful. As readers, we impose our own individual identity onto textual bodies through “The comparisons we make, the traits we extract as pertinent, the continuities we assign, or the exclusions we practice” (1483). And so, even Butler belies her discursive handling of texts by attempting to allow David to speak for himself and assert himself as a worthy individual. Underlying this is the reality that even David’s agency is a product of discourse, and Butler’s method is just one way to read a textual body. Butler’s reading is a reclamation of David’s voice, a counter-narrative but is still inescapably controlled by a larger discourse of identity and subjectivity. In an odd way, butler is still using David’s words to speak for him, manipulating them, and may be expressing something that David does not truly feel.
So what are we left with? The violence done to David by discursive forces was exerted in the name of knowledge and knowledge creation. David was put under the knife numerous times to become a source of knowledge for competing disciplines: those who sought to enforce gender as a social construction and those who sought to enforce gender as natural and inherent. At different times, he was used to show how gender can be built from hormones and behavioral reinforcement and when that failed, he was used to show that gender stems from biology and birth. Butler stepped away from the ruckus with a critique of the discourse itself and pointed to the hazard of the violence done to this body. She cautions that “if what those doctors believe were true, he would be a complete loser, and he implies that he is not a complete loser, that something in him is winning” (72).
Butler, like the other disciplines that she discusses, takes David’s life as a methodology to be applied towards other bodies. She insists that David’s voice in this matter is necessary, that he’s already an intelligible being, without a defined and stable gender. Butler claims that David understands that his identity is “Something [that] exceeds the norm, and he recognizes its unrecognizability” (72). But this is her construction of him as an author; he is being used to make a point. Her compassion stems from the same attempt to control the discourse that other disciplines used. Except, hers is not inherently violent, it does not try and provide a solution to a problem of unintelligibility; method is informed by Foucault’s assertion that “The subject should not be abandoned. It should be reconsidered, not to restore the theme of an originating subject, but to seize its functions, its intervention in discourse, and its system of dependencies” (1489). “Subject” to Foucault means a self-realized, introspective individual and David is certainly a subject. Butler takes David’s subjectivity and uses it to show that David is “Saying something more—he is cautioning us against the absolutism of distinction itself” (72). Both Foucault and Butler are intervening on the level of discourse to say that these individuals are not just textual bodies, comprised of their utterance. They are saying that these are also physical bodies: humans and people. These physical bodies have voices and utterances that enter a discourse; but the interpretive vessel is discourse itself, not the body.
David “is cautioning us against the absolutism of distinction itself, for his phallus does not constitute the entirety of his worth” (72). The Phallus is just one of many signifiers that structure David’s textual body but it is discourse that attempted to control that body; it is discourse that constructed that phallus; it is discourse that severed what was left of his penis and testes. The violence enacted upon David is real, and while his reasons for taking his own life are ambiguous, there’s compelling evidence that he internalized some of the violence onto himself. The amount of compassion and humanity within Butler’s argument; the empowerment and the value she embeds into David’s voice makes Butler’s reading incredibly compelling. So while her approach to textual bodies is still a method to channel knowledge out onto physical bodies, it disengages the violent aspects of power while still employing control over a discourse. Her reading is a dismantling of the discourse in order to try and mine the idea of how discourse learns to read textual bodies and employs the knowledge it creates to control other bodies.
Works Cited
Butler, Judith. “Doing Justice to Someone.” Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender. Abington: Routledge, 2004. 57-74. Print.
Foucault, Michel. “What is an Author?” Leitch, Cain, Finke, Johnson, McGowan, Sharpley-Whitting, Williams. The Norton Anthology of Criticism and Theory. New York: Norton & Company, 2010. 1475-1490. Print.